In the year’s first polio vaccination drive in January, a police official guarding a vaccination team in Karak – an area that recorded 15 of the 22 cases in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2020 – was killed by unidentified attackers, whereas two policemen were killed in similar circumstances in Mardan district of the province last month. Then, there is the grave issue of security. It is vital that people refusing vaccines or doubting the disease’s dangers be made aware of its consequences in a language they understand and from a person they trust. Similarly, serious field obstacles such as missed children, family refusals, and pervasive anti-vaccine propaganda have to be overcome to reach an acceptable level of immunisation. With the country’s civil-military leadership spearheading anti-polio efforts, it is hoped that the board’s advice will be heeded across the board. The board stressed further that the leadership, drive, and use of real-time data witnessed in the country’s efficient response to the coronavirus pandemic, must be replicated. In order to build on the recent gains, the government needs to fully implement recommendations made by the Polio Oversight Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in June this year, such as strengthening government leadership of the polio eradication programme, ensuring regular engagement at the National Emergency Operations Centre for Polio Eradication, and taking part in review meetings with provinces following supplementary immunisation activities. The country has witnessed drops in cases earlier, only to see a resurgence later. Yet, despite the promising signs, several pressing challenges remain.

Moreover, this month, the UAE government provided Pakistan $23 million for its polio campaigns, along with around $376,000 for personal protective equipment to safeguard health workers from the coronavirus. Up till June this year, three nationwide polio vaccination campaigns have been held to inoculate 33 million children under the age of five with the participation of over 200,000 health workers and social mobilisers – an enormous challenge as it is but made more severe due to the coronavirus pandemic. This is a much-welcome development, especially since routine immunisation campaigns were shelved for several months last year following the coronavirus outbreak, in line with recommendations of global health agencies. Similarly, cases of the circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 stand at eight this year whereas the figure was 135 in 2020 and 22 in 2019. So far, only one WPV type 1 case has been reported in the country this year – in Balochistan – as opposed to 84 cases in 2020 and 147 a year before. A report in this newspaper highlighted that Pakistan has not reported a single case of the wild poliovirus in the past six months, whereas there has been a substantial decline in positive environment samples as well as the geographic distribution of the virus. We also highlight the current status of the hottest immunotherapy and discuss the future development direction.Īlzheimer’s disease amyloid beta and drug development clinical research immunotherapy neurodegenerative disorder.With recent unprecedented gains in Pakistan’s fight against polio, there is cause for cautious optimism. In this review, we describe the latest advance in therapeutic strategies based on amyloidogenic processing and evaluate the pros and cons of each treatment strategy. Despite this, targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) active immunotherapy provided some positive results to support this hypothesis and clinical trials of these candidates are ongoing. The amyloid cascade concept has been questioned due to the failures of various amyloid-targeting prospects. Development of disease-modifying treatments for AD has been challenging, with almost all drugs aborted. The obvious pathological features of AD are still amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and cognitive decline.

Long road ahead